Others
- bronchial occlusion due to inhaled foreign body
- bronchiectasis
- cystic fibrosis
- penetrating trauma to the lungs
- spread from a neighbouring organ - for example, suppuration in the oesophagus, spine, subphrenic space or pleural cavity
- infection of congenital or acquired cysts
- tracheo-oesophageal fistula
- ciliary abnormalities - Kartagener's or ciliary diskinesia
- hyperimmunoglobulin E / Job's syndrome
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