During the collecting phase, contrast medium is passed into the renal pelvis. Particular examination is made of the calyceal tips.
Hydronephrosis, of increasing severity, is revealed by:
Polycystic kidneys may demonstrate the "cookie cutter sign"; the cysts press into the renal pelvis to give the appearance of semi-circles having been cut out of the contrast in the renal pelvis.
Excretion of contrast down the ureters reveal any filling defects in them.
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