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Congenital heart defects are present in 10 to 20% of patients:

  • coarctation of the aorta
  • aortic stenosis
  • VSD
  • ASD

There is a high incidence of horseshoe kidneys.

There is an increased incidence of autoimmune disease, including autoimmune thyroiditis and inflammatory bowel disease.


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The content herein is provided for informational purposes and does not replace the need to apply professional clinical judgement when diagnosing or treating any medical condition. A licensed medical practitioner should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions.

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