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Aetiology/classification

Authoring team

  • chest wall causes:
    • tender costochondral junctions (Tietze's syndrome)

  • true breast pain:
    • diffuse breast pain
    • trigger spots causing pain
    • acute mastitis / breast abscess
    • fibroadenosis
    • carcinoma - although rarely painful

  • non-breast causes
    • cervical and thoracic spondylosis
    • bornholm disease
    • lung disease
    • gallstones
    • exogenous oestrogens i.e. HRT
    • thoracic outlet syndrome

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