positive in 50-60% of patients with pernicious anaemia (1)
the presence of intrinsic factor is virtually diagnostic of pernicious anaemia but negative intrinsic factor antibodies do not exclude pernicious anaemia (1,2)
gastric parietal cell antibodies are seen in 95% of cases of pernicious anaemia - note that although there is an overlap with other autoimmune diseases (and with normal individuals) a negative result makes pernicious anaemia unlikely (1)
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