Aetiology of chronic breathlessness
Chronic causes include:
- lung disease
- COPD, asthma, and bronchiectasis
- interstitial lung disease
- pleural effusion
- primary or metastatic malignancy
- cardiac disease
- congestive heart failure
- ischaemic heart disease
- cardiac arrhythmias
- pericardial disease
- valvular heart disease
- other causes (less common)
- anaemia
- thyroid disease
- neuromuscular disorders - myasthenia gravis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (1)
Reference:
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