Associations between lesions

There are a number of conditions which are themselves associated with two or more classical heart lesions. Although they are considered elsewhere in the system under each diagnosis, it can be helpful, especially for the purpose of exams to look at them together as follows:

• Turner's syndrome, with coarctation and aortic stenosis
• Noonan's syndrome, with pulmonary stenosis and sometimes tetralogy of Fallot
• Down's syndrome, with atrioventricular defect and also patent ductus arteriosus and Fallot's
• foetal rubella syndrome with patent ductus arteriosus and pulmonary stenosis
• maternal diabetes with ventricular septal defect, coarctation and transposition of the great arteries
• foetal alcohol syndrome with atrial septal defect and ventricular septal defect