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Aetiology and associations

Last reviewed dd mmm yyyy. Last edited dd mmm yyyy

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Aetiology of the condition remain unclear

Frozen shoulder may also be associated with another systemic illness (1)

  • diabetes mellitus
    • most common association of a secondary frozen shoulder
    • incidence of frozen shoulder in diabetes patients is reported to be 10%-36% (incidence in type 1 and type 2 diabetes is similar)
    • frozen shoulder in diabetes is often more severe and is more resistant to treatment
    • recurrence risk is also higher
  • Dupuytren's disease
  • rarely a frozen shoulder may be associated with conditions such as
    • hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and hypoadrenalism
    • Parkinson's disease
    • cardiac disease
    • pulmonary disease
    • stroke
      • in the case of stroke, shoulder stiffness may be the result of muscle spasticity in the shoulder region
  • the development of a frozen shoulder has also been reported subsequent to non-shoulder surgical procedures, such as cardiac surgery, cardiac catheterisation through the brachial artery, neurosurgery, and radical neck dissection (1,2)

Reference:

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