Neurological aetiology
Neurological causes of velopharyngeal insufficiency include:
- primary motor or neuromuscular disease:
- congenital:
- cerebral palsy
- myotonias
- acquired:
- trauma (closed head injury)
- cerebrovascular accident
- progressive disease eg multiple sclerosis
- congenital:
- motor association deficits: apraxia of speech
- velopharyngeal mislearning eg profound sensorineural deafness
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