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Aetiology

Last reviewed dd mmm yyyy. Last edited dd mmm yyyy

Authoring team

Unilateral:

  • lumen:
    • calculi

  • wall:
    • ureterocoele
    • stricture
    • malignancy

  • external:
    • blood vessel
    • lymphadenopathy

Bilateral:

  • congenital:
    • strictures
    • valves

  • acquired:
    • bladder neck hypertrophy
    • prostatic hypertrophy or malignancy
    • urethral stricture
    • phimosis

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