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Associated conditions

Last reviewed dd mmm yyyy. Last edited dd mmm yyyy

Authoring team

Associated conditions causing secondary Raynaud's phenomenon are as follows:

  • rheumatological
  • systemic sclerosis - 90% of patients with this condition have Raynaud’s phenomenon)
  • mixed connective tissue disease - 85%
  • systemic lupus erythematosus - 40%
  • dermatomyositis or polymyositis - 25%
  • rheumatoid arthritis - 10%
  • sjögren’s syndrome
  • vasculitis
  • haematological
  • polycythaemia ruba vera
  • leukaemia
  • thrombocytosis
  • cold agglutinin disease (Mycoplasma infections)
  • paraproteinaemias
  • protein C deficiency, protein S deficiency, antithrombin III deficiency
  • presence of the factor V Leiden mutation
  • hepatitis B and C (associated with cryoglobulinaemia)
  • occlusive arterial disease
  • external neurovascular compression, carpal tunnel syndrome, and thoracic outlet syndrome
  • thrombosis
  • thromboangiitis obliterans
  • embolisation
  • arteriosclerosis
  • buerger’s disease
  • other
  • hand-arm-vibration syndrome (vibration white finger)
  • drugs, chemicals, or other occupational exposures e.g. - Beta-blockers, Vinyl chloride, tobacco, bleomycin
  • endocrine disorders - hypothyroidism, phaeochromocytoma, carcinoid syndrome
  • occult carcinoma
  • infections - parvovirus B19, Helicobacter pylori (1,2,3)

Reference:

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