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Physiological effects of pregnancy on glucose metabolism

Last reviewed dd mmm yyyy. Last edited dd mmm yyyy

Authoring team

Pregnancy is a diabetogenic state for the following reasons:

  • human placental lactogen has anti-insulin and lipolytic effects. It increases the glucose levels in maternal plasma and thus makes more glucose available to the fetus
  • steroid hormones have an anti-insulin effect (especially corticosteroids and progesterone)
  • some insulin may be destroyed by the placenta

Despite the insulin resistance of pregnancy, hyper- insulinaemia results in fasting levels of blood glucose which are 0.5 mM lower than in non-pregnant women.

Insulin resistance is made evident by the higher peaks of blood glucose following meals.

The diabetogenic effects of pregnancy are increased by:

  • maternal obesity
  • repeated pregnancy

Glycosuria is more common during pregnancy due to a lowered renal threshold for glucose excretion.

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