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Clinical features

Last reviewed dd mmm yyyy. Last edited dd mmm yyyy

Authoring team

Presentation is variable so that it is useful to approach the condition in terms of specific features to consider.

  • reduced visual acuity - always present
  • pain - present in syphilis, endogenous bacterial infection, and conditions involving the optic nerve. Usually absent in toxoplasmosis, toxocariasis and CMV retinitis.
  • redness of the eye - present in diffuse uveitis; absent in toxoplasmosis or histoplasmosis
  • unilateral involvement - more likely to be due to toxoplasmosis, candidiasis, toxocariasis, CMV, or endogenous bacterial infection
  • hypopyon in the anterior uvea - in conditions such as Behcet's disease, toxocariasis, and endogenous bacterial infection
  • mutton fat keratitic precipitates - in conditions such as sarcoidosis, tuberculosis, toxoplasmosis, and syphilis
  • glaucoma - may develop in toxoplasmosis, tuberculosis, and sarcoidosis
  • inflammatory changes in the vitreous humour - severe in Behcet's disease and toxoplasmosis
  • retinal involvement - retinitis is often more prominent than choroiditis in toxoplasmosis, CMV, herpes, and rubella
  • choroid involvement - choroiditis is the primary target of tuberculosis and Lyme disease
  • mode of onset - toxoplasmosis, CMV and bacterial infections are likely to present with sudden onset; other causes are usually more insidious

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