ischaemic - mainly affecting the distal convoluted tubules and loop of Henle; due to "shock", commonly, hypovolaemic, cardiogenic, or septic. Pigment-induced ATN is a special form associated with massive haemoglobinuria - following massive haemolysis - or myoglobinuria - following rhabdomyolysis
nephrotoxic - mainly affecting the proximal convoluted tubules. Many agents are implicated, including:
antibiotics e.g. gentamicin, cephalosporin
anaesthetics e.g methoxyflurane
heavy metals e.g. mercury, lead, arsenic
chemotherapeutic agents e.g. cyclosporin
organic solvents e.g. methyl alcohol, carbon tetrachloride
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