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Common causes

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  • myocardial infarction and myocardial ischaemia
  • mitral valve disease, especially mitral stenosis, for example, following rheumatic fever
  • hypertension
  • hyperthyroidism
  • alcohol - the most common cause in men less than 60 years

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The content herein is provided for informational purposes and does not replace the need to apply professional clinical judgement when diagnosing or treating any medical condition. A licensed medical practitioner should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions.

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