Back
With the patient sitting up, the back is examined for:
- scars
- deformity (e.g. ankylosing spondylitis & aortic regurgitation)
- palpate the sacrum for oedema (cardiac failure)
- percuss for a pleural effusion (LVF)
- auscultate for:
- inspiratory crackles (LVF)
- murmur of aortic coarctation
Reference
- Bickley LS. Bates' Pocket Guide to Physical Examination and History Taking. 9th edn. Woltens Kluwer. 2020.
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