Associations
Down's syndrome is associated with a higher incidence of a variety of congenital abnormalities, including:
- duodenal atresia in 10%
- Hirschsprung's disease in 3%
- other intestinal atresias
Up to 40% of cases are born with congenital heart defects, including:
- atrioventricular canal - the most common major defect
- ventricular septal defect
- patent ductus arteriosus
- atrial septal defect - ostium primum in 40%
- tetralogy of Fallot
Rarer associations include:
- annular pancreas
- increased incidence of sensorineural deafness
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