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Investigations

Authoring team

Investigations include:

  • electrocardiogram
  • chest radiology
  • echocardiography, allowing the defect to be visualised.
  • cardiac catheterisation and angiography - features dependent on the size of the defect.
    • in a small defect: the right heart and pulmonary artery pressures are normal.
    • large defect: the right heart and pulmonary artery are raised. The amount of left to right shunt through the defect can be calculated by analysis of the appropriate oxygen saturations.

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