Systolic dysfunction
The most convenient measurement of systolic function in the failing heart is the left ventricular ejection fraction. The ejection fraction has been shown to be a good predictor of survival but not of symptomatic limitation.
Other measures of systolic function require ventriculography and pressure determination:
- there is a reduction in the maximal rate of increase of left ventricular pressure
- the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure is increased
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