Aetiology
Causes include:
- lymphadenopathy e.g. lymphoma, tuberculosis, carcinoma.
- thyroid derived e.g. thymoma, retrosternal goitre.
- aortic e.g. aneurysm, coarctation.
- herniae e.g. hiatus hernia, diaphragmatic herniae.
- oesophageal e.g. achalasia, neoplasm.
- cystic e.g. teratoma, dermoid, bronchial, hydatid.
- neurogenic e.g. neurofibroma, ganglioneuroma.
- others e.g. paravertebral abscess, mesothelioma, lipoma.
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