Clinical features
Urinary frequency and dysuria are the most common presenting features.
Others may include:
- loin pain from obstruction of the upper tract
- haematuria
- evidence of chronic genital infection
- non-specific symptoms - for example, malaise, anorexia
Rarely, there may be hypertension or chronic renal failure.
Symptoms of the primary focus may be apparent, such as haemoptysis.
A proportion of patients are asymptomatic.
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