angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers
NSAIDs
potassium sparing diuretics
trimethoprim
heparin
lithium
decreased distal renal flow
acute kidney injury/ chronic kidney disease
congestive heart failure
cirrhosis
hypoaldosteronism
adrenal insufficiency
adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency
primary renal tubular defects
sickle cell disease
SLE
amyloidosis
obstructive uropathy
transcellular shift
insulin deficiency/resistance
exercise
acidosis
tissue necrosis or lysis (rhabdomyolysis, tumour lysis syndrome, severe burns)
hypertonicity
hyperglycaemia
mannitol
medications
beta blockers
digoxin toxicity
somatostatin
cell breakdown/leakage
increased intake
potassium supplementation
red blood cell transfusion
foods high in potassium
figs
molasses
seaweed
chocolates
bran cereal
vegetables (spinach, tomato, mushroom, carrots)
dried fruits and nuts
fruits (banana, kiwi fruit, orange, mango)
protein calorie supplements
penicillin G potassium
spurious hyperkalaemia (also called pseudohyperkalaemia) (1,2)
Note:
healthy individuals usually increase excretion when there is excess potassium consumption. Hence dietary-induced hyperkalaemia usually involves concurrent renal insufficiency (1,2).
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