Aetiology
Often the foetus actively holds its head in an extended position; such an infant may voluntarily extend the neck after delivery.
In cases of cephalopelvic disproportion, the occiput may become lodged on the pelvic brim, while the sinciput advances. This results in an arrested face presentation.
Face presentation is linked with:
- prematurity
- anencephaly
- cord around neck
- neck tumours
- polyhydramnios
- pelvic tumour
- praevia
- uterine anomalies
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