Within the antero-posterior plane, there are four normal curvatures to the adult spine from superior to inferior:
The primary curvatures of the thorax and sacrum are present at birth. The cervical curvature emerges with the ability to support the head at around the 3rd post-partum month, and the lumbar curvature forms from the time of holding the trunk upright.
Abnormal curvatures of the spine may be congenital e.g. hemivertebrae, or acquired e.g. due to osteoporotic vertebral collapse. The result is either a pathological kyphosis, scoliosis, lordosis or a mixture e.g. kyphoscoliosis.
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