Spinous process
Each presacral vertebra has a spinous process projecting posteriorly or posteroinferiorly in the median plane. It is formed at the junction of two lamina on either side of a given vertebral arch. It is attached to an array of ligaments and muscles which posteriorly reinforce the spine.
Relations:
- anterior: vertebral foramen, lamina
- posterior: supraspinous ligament, extrinsic back muscles
- lateral: intrinsic back muscles
- superior & inferior: interspinous ligament
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