Aetiology of congestive heart failure in neonates
Causes can be grouped into: Hyperdynamic flow, usually as a result of a shunt:
- large ventricular septal defect
- patent ductus arteriosus, especially when associated with overload and respiratory distress syndrome
Obstructed outflow from the left heart:
- hypoplastic left heart
- aortic stenosis
- coarctation of the aorta or interupted aortic arch
Multiple major heart defects:
- truncus arteriosus
- atrioventricular canal
- single ventricle
- total anomalous venous return
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