Ep 37 – Identifying and managing familial hypercholesterolaemia

Posted 23 Dec 2021
In this episode, Dr Kevin Fernando considers the case of Juliana, a 43-year-old journalist who requests a cholesterol check because her father experienced a heart attack in his early 50s. She has no past medical history of note. Her lipid profile returns as follows: total cholesterol (TC), 7.5 mmol/L; HDL-cholesterol, 1.4 mmol/L; triglycerides, 2.2 mmol/L; LDL-cholesterol, 2.9 mmol/L. What should we do next, and what do current guidelines recommend regarding the detection and management of familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH)?
Key references discussed in the episode:
- Cuchel M, McGowan MP. Lancet. 2021;398(10312):1667-1668. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01372-6.
- EAS Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration (FHSC). Lancet. 2021;398(10312):1713-1725. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01122-3.
- Familial hypercholesterolaemia: identification and management. Clinical guideline [CG71]. 2008, updated 2019. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg71 (accessed 22 December 2021).
- NHS England and NHS Improvement London. Familial hypercholesterolaemia. https://www.england.nhs.uk/london/london-clinical-networks/our-networks/cardiac/familial-hypercholesterolaemia/ (accessed 22 December 2021).
- Nordestgaard BG, et al. Eur Heart J. 2013;34(45):3478-90a. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht273.
Key resources discussed in the episode:
Key take-home messages from this episode:
- FH is diagnosed late.
- Guideline-recommended LDL-cholesterol concentrations are infrequently achieved with single-drug therapy.
- There is a disparity in care between men and women living with FH.
- Earlier detection and greater use of combination therapies are required to reduce the global burden of FH.
- FH is common, affecting up to 1 in 250 individuals in the UK.
- If untreated, FH can lead to coronary heart disease in >50% of men by age 50 and at least 30% of women by age 60.
- FH patients reach LDL-cholesterol threshold levels for chronic heart disease at an early age.
- Many people with FH are asymptomatic; therefore, case-finding is pivotal because the condition is not identified by cardiovascular disease assessment tools such as QRISK®3-2018.
- NICE suggests systematically searching primary care records for people with:
- TC >7.5 mmol/L in those <30 years
- TC >9 mmol/L in those ≥30 years
- The FAMCAT2 tool from PRIMIS can help us do this in primary care.
- Suspect FH in adults >16 years with:
- TC >7.5mmol/L and/or
- Personal history of premature coronary heart disease <60 years
- Family history of premature CHD <60 years in a first-degree relative
- Secondary causes of hyperlipidaemia should also be considered:
- Type 2 diabetes
- Chronic kidney disease
- Hypothyroidism
- Medication such as steroids and beta-blockers
- Obesity
- Excessive alcohol consumption
- Once individuals are identified, NICE CG71 recommends assessing against standard FH diagnostic criteria, such as the Simon Broome criteria.
- Treatment:
- Can be initiated by a specialist with on-going follow-up possible in primary care
- High-intensity statin therapy to achieve LDL-cholesterol goals
- Dose should be increased to the maximum licensed or tolerated dose to achieve a recommended reduction in baseline LDL-cholesterol of >50%
- Reinforce lifestyle advice: smoking cessation, healthy diet and increasing physical activity
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