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Risk factors

Last reviewed dd mmm yyyy. Last edited dd mmm yyyy

Authoring team

These include:

  • smoking

  • alcohol

  • preceding viral infections:
    • for example influenza predisposing to Streptococcus pneumoniae infection

  • bronchial obstruction:
    • chronic obstructive airways disease
    • bronchial carcinoma

  • bronchiectasis e.g. cystic fibrosis

  • immunosuppression:
    • AIDS
    • cytotoxic therapy
    • usually involving PCP, CMV or Mycobacterium avium

  • intravenous drug abuse, often with Staphylococcus aureus infection

  • inhalation from oesophageal obstruction, often associated with anaerobes

  • hospitalisation - often involving gram-ve organisms

  • underlying predisposing disease:
    • diabetes mellitus
    • cardiovascular disease

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