Last reviewed dd mmm yyyy. Last edited dd mmm yyyy
Grade 1: consists of a broadening of the arteriolar light reflex and concealment of the veins. The light reflex appears yellow - normal; it's enhancement can be misleading and should not be overemphasised.
Grade 2: grade 1 plus deflection of the veins at arteriovenous crossings.
Grade 3: grade 2 plus "copper wire" arterioles and marked arteriovenous crossing changes - banking of the vein where it appears distal to the crossing; tapering of the vein on either side of the crossing; and right-angled deflection of veins.
Grade 4: grade 3 changes plus "silver wire" arterioles and at times, occlusion of an arteriolar branch
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