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Clinical features

Last reviewed dd mmm yyyy. Last edited dd mmm yyyy

Authoring team

Urinary frequency and dysuria are the most common presenting features.

Others may include:

  • loin pain from obstruction of the upper tract
  • haematuria
  • evidence of chronic genital infection
  • non-specific symptoms - for example, malaise, anorexia

Rarely, there may be hypertension or chronic renal failure.

Symptoms of the primary focus may be apparent, such as haemoptysis.

A proportion of patients are asymptomatic.

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