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Clinical features

Last reviewed dd mmm yyyy. Last edited dd mmm yyyy

Authoring team

Possible symptoms include:

  • shortness of breath - main symptom, with exercise dyspnoea
  • cough
  • orthopnoea
  • paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea

Later symptoms include:

  • a cough with foaming, bright red sputum
  • cyanosis
  • extreme dyspnoea

On examination:

  • breathing may be laboured and wheezing or rapid and panting. There may be a fine rattling sound audible
  • Cheyne-Stoke respiration
  • there may be basal crepitations on auscultation
  • heart sounds - triple or gallop rhythm

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