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Associations

Last reviewed dd mmm yyyy. Last edited dd mmm yyyy

Authoring team

Congenital heart defects are present in 10 to 20% of patients:

  • coarctation of the aorta
  • aortic stenosis
  • VSD
  • ASD

There is a high incidence of horseshoe kidneys.

There is an increased incidence of autoimmune disease, including autoimmune thyroiditis and inflammatory bowel disease.


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