This site is intended for healthcare professionals

account_circleSign in
Go to /sign-in page

You can view 5 more pages before signing in

Risk factors for gallstones

Last reviewed dd mmm yyyy. Last edited dd mmm yyyy

Authoring team

The typical patient is said to be the "fair, fat, fertile, female of forty", but many gallstone patients do not fit this description (1).

An imbalance between pronucleating factors and antinucleating factors in the bile leads to formation of cholesterol stones. The main risk factors for cholesterol stone formation are;

  • female sex
  • pregnancy
  • high dose oestrogen treatment
  • increasing age
  • ethnicity (higher prevalence in Native American Indians and lower prevalence in black Americans, Africans, and people from China, Japan, India, and Thailand)
  • genetic traits
  • obesity
  • high serum triglyceride levels
  • low levels of high density cholesterol
  • rapid weight loss
  • high calorific diet
  • refined carbohydrate diet
  • lack of physical activity
  • cirrhosis
  • Crohn's disease
  • gallbladder stasis (for example, as a result of previous gastrectomy or vagotomy).

The main risk factors for pigment stone include:

  • haemolysis
  • chronic bacterial or parasitic infections (2)

Reference:

Create an account to add page annotations

Create a free account

Add information to this page that would be handy to have on hand during a consultation, such as a web address or phone number. This information will always be displayed when you visit this page