Upper airway causes
- infections:
- acute epiglottitis
- diphtheria
- Ludwig's angina
- trauma:
- prolonged endotracheal tube intubation leading to subglottic stenosis
- gunshot wounds and cut throat
- inhalation of steam or hot vapour
- swallowing of corrosive fluids
- radiotherapy causing laryngeal oedema
- malignant tumours:
- advanced malignant disease of the tongue, larynx, pharynx or upper trachea
- bilateral laryngeal palsies - after surgery; bulbar palsy
- foreign body
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