Spread
Rectal carcinoma may spread:
Locally:
- around the bowel lumen
- invasive spread into the muscular wall
- infiltration into adjacent organs, e.g. prostate, bladder, vagina, etc
Lymphatically:
- initially to the inferior mesenteric nodes
- later spread occurs to the iliac nodes, groin nodes - retrograde spread, and supraclavicular nodes
Via the blood - haematogenous spread:
- liver
- lungs
Transcoelomic spread:
- seeding to the peritoneal cavity
Reference:
- Bosch F et al. Mechanisms of Metastasis in Colorectal Cancer and Metastatic Organotropism: Hematogenous versus Peritoneal Spread. J Oncol. 2019 Sep 19:2019:7407190.
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