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Pathway

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The first stage in glycogenesis is provision of precursor glucose; this is dependent on site:

  • in skeletal muscle:
    • take up glucose from plasma
    • minimal contribution from direct conversion of lactate to glucose within muscle; normally the lactate produced during anaerobic glycolysis diffuses out of the cell and is transported to the liver where glucose is reformed by gluconeogenesis
  • in liver:
    • absorb glucose from portal blood, particularly after meal
    • glyconeogenesis

The pathway is then similar:

  • hexokinase in muscle, or glucokinase in liver, phosphorylate glucose to glucose-6-phosphate
  • phosphoglucomutase converts glucose-6-phosphate to glucose-1-phosphate
  • glucose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase converts glucose-1-phosphate and uridyl triphosphate into uridyl diphospate glucose (UDP glucose) and pyrophosphate
  • glycogen synthase converts UDP glucose and glycogen(n residues) into UDP and glycogen(n+1 residues)

In addition, there are enzymes which:

  • create primer sequences that initiate glycogen formation
  • create a branching structure to the growing glycogen chain e.g. 1,6-alpha-glucosyltransferase

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