Clinical features
The clinical course of the disease is often protracted and extremely painful but usually remits if the patient stops smoking.
Major features may include:
- peripheral ischaemia:
- especially of the upper extremities
- ischaemic areas are sharply demarcated from adjacent, well-perfused tissue
- faint / absent pulses in small and medium sized arteries- commonly, radials, tibials and plantars; rarely, brachials or femorals
- foot claudication
- superficial thrombophlebitis
- cold sensitivity
- Raynaud's phenomenon
- peripheral neuropathy
- gangrene of the toes and fingers
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