Associations
Congenital heart defects are present in 10 to 20% of patients: (1)
- coarctation of the aorta
- aortic stenosis
- VSD
- ASD
There is a high incidence of horseshoe kidneys.
There is an increased incidence of autoimmune disease, including autoimmune thyroiditis and inflammatory bowel disease.
Reference
- Ho VB, Bakalov VK, Cooley M, et al. Major vascular anomalies in Turner syndrome: prevalence and magnetic resonance angiographic features. Circulation. 2004;110:1694-1700.
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