This is a fistula between the bladder and the vagina. It may be a cause of true incontinence.
The vast majority result from pelvic surgery and irradiation. About 50% are due to simple abdominal or vaginal hysterectomy.
Obstetric injuries are now an uncommon cause in developed countries. Most are the result of operative delivery such as forceps. Pressure necrosis from obstructed labour with compression of the bladder between the presenting head and the bony wall of the pelvis, is rare.
Other uncommon causes include:
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